Everything you need to know about an Archaeological Dig

Industrial Revolution Revision Videos

    Why the Industrial Revolution began in Britain.

Life during the Industrial Revolution

French Revolution Revision Cartoon

You don't need to know everything in this cartoon girls but listen for key words and phrases that you know.

French Revolution

Background

1. List four causes of the French Revolution.

2. Explain the term Absolute Monarchy.                      
3. Describe how French society was divided.
4. What taxes did the Third Estate pay.
5.How did the American Revolution influence the revolution in France?
6.Why did Louis XVI call a meeting of the Estates-General?
7. What was the Tennis Court Oath?
8. When and why did the people of Paris storm the Bastille?


The Spread of the Revolutions
1. The National Assembly was forced to take action. What changes did it make?
2. Explain the ideas in the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
3. Explain the slogan of the Revolution.
4. Write a short paragraph on each of the events in the timeline below.

Robespierre and the Terror
1. Why was the Committee of Public Safety set up?
2. Who was Maximilien Robespierre? Write five lines about him.
3. What problems did the Committee have to solve?
4. Name and explain four actions the Committee took to solve these problems.
5. Why was Robespierre arrested and executed?
6. Name and explain five results of the French Revolution.

George Washington Revision Video

Three short videos here.
The first is Washington's young life, the second the most relevant to your course, and the third Washington after the War of Independence.

 

The American Revolution

Background
1. Explain the following terms: monarchy, divine right, absolute power.
2. The 18th century is known as the Age of _______ or the Age of ________.
3. John Locke was a ________ from ________ who wrote _________.
4. Who were the philosophes?
5. Thomas Paine wrote _________.

Reasons for Revolution.
1. The British monarchy was represented in the thirteen colonies by the ________.
2. The people of the thirteen colonies were represented on an _______.
3. What were the Navigation Acts?
4. How did the Seven Years War lead to discontent in the colonies?
5. 'No taxation without representation' was the slogan of the ________.
6. Explain the signifigance of the Stamp Act.
7. Write four sentences about the Boston Massacre.
8. Why did Paul Revere ride to Lexington?
9. The Declaration of Independence was passed on _______.
10. Give four results of the American War of Independence.

The Revolution
Fill in the following table.

British Army Advantages	Continental Army Advantages
British Army Problems	Continental Army Problems

Fill in the blanks in the timeline.

Remember

This is only a timeline. You will need to fill in the detail for your People in History question on George Washington.

Garret FitzGerald

Former Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald dies aged 85

RTE News

Former Taoiseach Dr Garret FitzGerald has died in hospital in Dublin after a short illness.

Dr FitzGerald, who was 85, served twice as Taoiseach between 1981 and 1987 at the head of Fine Gael/Labour coalition governments.

In a statement, his family paid tribute to the doctors, nurses and staff at the Mater Private hospital. 

'They would like to thank the doctors, nurses and staff at The Mater Private Hospital for the wonderful care he received during his illness. 

'He was a much loved and adored father, grandfather and great-grandfather and will be sadly missed by his extended family.'

Details of Dr FitzGerald's funeral have been announced this evening. He will lie in repose at the Mansion House on Saturday from 11am to 7pm.

The public will be able to file past the coffin and sign a book of condolence.

The coffin will then be moved to the Sacred Heart Church in Donnybrook and will be on public view from 8pm to 10.30pm.

Dr FitzGerald's funeral mass will take place in the same church on Sunday at 2.30pm before burial at Shanganagh Cemetery in Shankill.

Born in 1926, both of Dr FitzGerald's parents had been involved in Sinn Féin during the War of Independence.

Desmond FitzGerald

His father, Desmond, later served as Minister for External Affairs in the State's first government.

In later life, Dr FitzGerald often spoke of his desire to bring together the southern Catholic tradition of his father with the northern Protestant tradition of his mother, Mabel.

He met his wife Joan at UCD. They were to have a famously close relationship. The couple had three children.

Dr FitzGerald worked for Aer Lingus for some years before becoming an economic consultant and academic, and then a politician.

He was elected to the Seanad in 1965 and the Dáil in 1969, where he quickly made his mark, particularly in the debates on the arms crisis.

A supporter of the liberal wing of the party, known as The Just Society, he campaigned strongly in favour of Ireland joining the EEC in the 1972 Referendum.

When Fine Gael entered Government in 1973, he became Minister for Foreign Affairs, playing a leading role during Ireland's first Presidency of the EEC.

He was also a key figure in negotiating the Sunningdale Agreement, which set up a short-lived power-sharing executive in Northern Ireland.

He succeeded Liam Cosgrave as Fine Gael leader after the 1977 election defeat, encouraging the party in a more liberal direction while rebuilding the organisation from the ground up.

In 1981, he formed a minority coalition government with Labour's Michael O'Leary as Tánaiste, and announced his desire for a constitutional crusade to create a more pluralist Irish society.

But the coalition fell the following February when Budget proposals to extend VAT to children's clothing and footwear were defeated.

Dr FitzGerald's great rival, Charles Haughey, returned to power at the head of a short-lived minority government before, in November 1982, Fine Gael achieved its best result in over half a century by coming within five seats of Fianna Fáil.

A difficult economic situation led to tough and unpopular medicine, while in 1983 the electorate voted against Dr FitzGerald's advice to amend the Constitution to protect the life of the unborn, and three years later rejected the introduction of divorce.

On Northern Ireland, the New Ireland Forum aimed to unite constitutional nationalists but its recommendations were rejected by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.

Despite the setback, Dr FitzGerald kept working, signing the Anglo-Irish Agreement in 1985, which gave the Irish Government a role in Northern Ireland and marked the high point of his political career.

But the economic situation remained dire and at the beginning of 1987 the Labour ministers walked out of government.

Mr Haughey returned to office, with Dr FitzGerald offering conditional support in the Dáil, foreshadowing Fine Gael's Tallaght Strategy.

The next day, Dr FitzGerald resigned from the Fine Gael leadership.

Although he retired from the Dáil in 1992, he still took part in some political campaigns, particularly in the referenda on the Nice and Lisbon Treaties.

He also served as Chancellor of the National University of Ireland for 12 years, from 1997 to 2009, during which time he presided over the NUI's Centenary in 2008.

He wrote books and newspaper articles, lectured and travelled widely, and appeared on many radio and television programmes, including election coverage, most recently last February.

Revision on everything.

Great interactive quizzes on many subjects.           

Click the link above for access to huge amounts of interactive revision quizzes on all topics.
The site is based on the British history course which is a little different to ours. You might not be able to answer all the questions but most of them you will.  
It has great links to other fun things as well.
If you're looking for it again there's a link at the end of the page - School History.
Good luck!

Renaissance Characters

Worksheet : What changed? And who was responsible?

Instructions: Try to complete this table by finding information about each of the following characters.

“Which of these five characters do you think was the greatest character of the Renaissance? Explain your choice carefully”.

  

Name	Speciality	Personal details	Key works	Why is this man’s work important to the Renaissance?
Michelangelo	Sculpture
Copernicus	Astronomy
Leonardo	Biology
Galileo	Astronomy
Vesalius	Anatomy
Raphael	Art

The Choctaw Indians and the Irish Famine

2001 Irish Echo Newspaper Corp.
Hibernian Chronicle
154 Years Ago: The Choctaw Send Aid
By Edward T. O'Donnell
One hundred fifty-four years ago this week, on March 23, 1847, the Indians of the Choctaw nation took up a collection.

Moved by news of starvation in Ireland, a group of Choctaws gathered in Scullyville, Okla., to raise a relief fund. Despite their meager resources, they collected $170 and forwarded it to a U.S. famine relief organization.

It was both the most unlikely and the most generous contribution to the effort to relieve Ireland's suffering.

Begun two years before in the fall of 1845, the potato blight and subsequent famine had reached its height in 1847. It was, of course, much more than a mere natural disaster. British colonial policies before and during the crisis exacerbated the effects of the potato blight, leading to mass death by starvation and disease. For example, in March of 1847, at the time of the Choctaw donation, 734,000 starving Irish people were forced to labor in public works projects in order to receive food. Little wonder that survivors referred to the year as "Black '47."

First through letters and newspaper accounts, and later from the refugees themselves, the Irish in America learned of the unfolding horror. Countless individuals sent money and ship tickets to assist friends and family. Others formed relief committees to solicit donations from the general public. Contributions came from every manner of organization, from charitable societies and businesses to churches and synagogues. By the time the famine had ended in the early 1850s, millions in cash and goods had been sent to Ireland.

What made the Choctaw donation so extraordinary was the tribe's recent history. Only 16 years before, President Andrew Jackson (whose parents emigrated from Antrim) seized the fertile lands of the so-called five civilized tribes (Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Cherokee) and forced them to undertake a harrowing 500-mile trek to Oklahoma known as the Trail of Tears. Of the 21,000 Choctaws who started the journey, more than half perished from exposure, malnutrition, and disease. This despite the fact that during the War of 1812 the Choctaws had been allies of then General Jackson in his campaign against the British in New Orleans.

Perhaps their sympathy stemmed from their recognition of the similarities between the experiences of the Irish and Choctaw. Certainly contemporary Choctaw see it that way. They note that both groups were victims of conquest that led to loss of property, forced migration and exile, mass starvation, and cultural suppression (most notably language).

Increased attention to the Great Famine in recent years has led to renewed recognition of the Choctaw donation. In 1990, a delegation of Choctaw officials was invited to participate in an annual walk in County Mayo commemorating a tragic starvation march that occurred during the Famine. In honor of the special guests, the organizers (Action From Ireland, or AFRI) named the march The Trail of Tears. Two years later, two dozen people from Ireland came to the U.S. and retraced the 500-mile Trail of Tears from Oklahoma to Mississippi. That same year the Choctaw tribe made Ireland's president, Mary Robinson, an honorary chief.

Perhaps the most remarkable aspect of these events is that while they commemorate dark chapters of the past, they are focused on the present and future. In other words, they seek to dramatize the need to stop starvation and suffering worldwide. As the plaque on Dublin's Mansion House that honors the Choctaw contribution reads: "Their humanity calls us to remember the millions of human beings throughout our world today who die of hunger and hunger-related illness in a world of plenty."

Reprinted under the Fair Use http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.html doctrine of international copyright law.

Read about President Mary Robinson's visit to the Choctaw nation here.

The Celts

This is a short slideshow showing images of all aspects of Celtic life.  It might help before you start the questions.

1. Name four ways we know about the Celts today?

2. What is Celtic art called?  Describe it?

3. Name in order the different levels of Celtic society.

4. Describe a ringfort.

5.  Name three defensive features of a crannóg.   

6. Describe how the Celts cooked their food.

7. What kind of weapons did the Celts use?

8. What was a Celtic standing stone called?

9. What was a Celtic priest called?

10. What type of crops were grown by the Celts?

Explorations

The BBC history website is very interesting and very useful girls. There's a link at the bottom of the page or click here www.bbc.co.uk/history. It might look a bit heavy but the home page often has the history behind current events. At the moment for example there's a link to the history of royal weddings. The history for children part is also very useful and even though it may look a bit babyish it has nearly everything you need on most topics for your Junior Cert. Have fun exploring :)

The Tomb of Newgrange - Ancient Ireland

A nice short video on Newgrange and the solstice here girls. It links with work we did on passage tombs. That was quite a while ago so this might help with a bit of revision.

Agricultural and Industrial Revolution

   1. Give two factors that made the Agricultural Revolution     possible.  

2. Mention two consequences of Enclosure.

3. Mention two effects of the Agricultural Revolution on Britain.

4. Write down one major improvement in agriculture associated with one of the following.     Jethro Tull        Lord Charles Townshend            Robert Bakewell

5. Mention two disadvantages of the Open Field System.

6. Give two reasons why the population of Britain increased so greatly during the first half of the nineteenth century.

7. Mention two effects of the Transport Revolution on Britain.

8. Explain how one of the following persons improved life for people in the nineteenth century.   Robert Owen           Louis Pasteur                      John McAdam

9. Name one important invention associated with each of the following.

James Hargreaves        James Watt         Abraham Darby              Richard Arkwright

10. Give two reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in Britain

11. Why was coal so important to the Industrial Revolution?

12. Name two effects the new inventions in the cotton and woollen industry.

 

13. What was a Turnpike Trust?

14. In 1825 the first goods train ran between what towns?

15. Write an account of one of the following: Improvements in transport during the Industrial Revolution; The impact of steam power during the Industrial Revolution.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

The Reformations

1. Name one religious reformer from outside Germany and one of his beliefs.

2. Give the consequences of the Reformation for Ireland.

3. Give two reasons why many people thought that the Catholic Church was in need of reform around 1500.

4. During the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, what was the Inquisition?

5. Give two consequences of the Reformation in Europe during the period 1517-1648.

6. Mention two decisions by the Council of Trent. (1545-1563)

SOURCE  This is a picture of Martin Luther burning a Papal Bull in Wittenberg, Dec 10th 1520.

(i) What was a Papal Bull?

(ii) Why is Luther burning this Papal Bull?

(iii) What happened to Luther as a result of this action?

SOURCE

Excerpts from Martin Luther’s 95 Theses. October 31, 1517.

36. Any truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of penalty

and guilt, even without indulgence letters.

47. Christians are to be taught that the buying of indulgences is a matter

of free choice, not commanded.

49. Christians are to be taught that papal indulgences are useful only if

they do not put their trust in them, but very harmful if they lose their fear

of God because of them.

53. They are the enemies of Christ and the pope who forbid altogether the

preaching of the Word of God in some churches in order that indulgences may

be preached in others.

54. Injury is done to the Word of God when, in the same sermon, an equal or

larger amount of time is devoted to indulgences than to the Word.

62. The true treasure of the church is the most holy gospel of the glory and

grace of God.

Source: Internet Medieval Sourcebook. www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.htm

Study the excerpts from the 95 Theses and answer the following questions:

(i) To what does a truly repentant Christian have a right?

(ii) What is the true treasure of the Church?

(iii) From the theses shown above, is Luther totally against the sale of indulgences?

Explain your answer.

(iv) Why do you think that the Pope became alarmed by the theses?

Give two reasons for your answer

C. “The Reformation changed the face of Europe”

Write about one of the following topics:

(i) The impact of the Reformation on Ireland.

(ii) Religious wars in Europe.

(iii) The Counter-Reformation.

1. List five causes of the Reformation.

2. Name four abuses of the Catholic Church and explain two.

3. Explain one way in which the Renaissance influenced the spread of the Reformation.

4. What did Luther think was the only way to get to heaven?

5. What prompted Luther to write his Ninety-Five Theses?

6. Give two arguments that were in Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses.

7. Give a short account of how the Pope responded to Luther’s ideas.

8. Charles V called a diet of German princes. What was the diet called? Who gave Luther sanctuary? What did Luther do while in Wartburg?

9. What was the name of the document the Lutheran princes presented to Charles V that outlined their beliefs?­­­­­­

10. Why did Henry VIII break away from Rome? Give a short account.

11. What was the name of the act that made Henry the head of the Church in England?

12. Why did Henry close the monasteries in England?

13. What was the main change in religion that Henry introduced?

14. Which of Henry’s daughters established the Church of England?

15. Name the three important elements in the Counter Reformation and give a detailed account of one of them.

Ancient Ireland

Mesolithic Period

1. What is another name for the Middle Stone Age?

2. Where did the Middle Stone Age people live?

3. How did archaeologists know there was settlement at Mount Sandel? (two ways)

4. The Middle Stone Age people moved from place to place.  They were called _____.

5. The Middle Stone Age people got their food by ________.

6. They cooked their food on ______.

7. What tool did they use to fish?

8. What material did they use to make their clothes?

9. They used ______ to clean the material for making the clothes.

10. The houses were made of _______.

The Neolithic Period

1. First farmers came to Ireland in ______.

2. Name an example of a Neolithic site.

3. Name two farming tools used by Neolithic people.

4. What was pottery used for?

5. What were big stone tombs called?

6. Name and describe three types of these tombs.

7. What were the great stones moved on?

8. What is the word for the roof on the tomb in Newgrange, Co. Meath?

9. Name the stone that is put on top of a portal dolmen.

The Bronze Age

1. How was bronze made?

2. Give three reasons why bronze was better than stone.

3. Name how bronze age people cook their food.

4. Name three types of jewellery made in the bronze age.

5. What was jewellery made of?

6. Name and describe two types of burial.

Celtic and Early Christian Ireland

1. Where did the Celts come from?

2. What is the name of the Age that the Celts were in Ireland?

3. Name two ways we know about the Celts.

4. Name four types of Celtic settlements.

5. What is the name given to underground passages out of settlements?

6. What were the houses made of?

7. What type of settlement can be seen at Craggaunown, Co. Clare.

8. What would a Promontory Fort have been used for?

9. Name in order the levels of Celtic society.

10. What tool replaced the saddle stone for grinding wheat?

11. What was the name for the meat that the bravest warrior was entitled to at a feast?

12. What metal was used for Celtic weapons and tools?

13. What is the name for the style of Celtic art?

14. What did Celts do with their dead?

15. What is the word for the belongings that Celts buried with their dead?

16. An upright stone with writing on one side is called an ______.

1. Name three ways Christianity came to Ireland.

2. Name two sources we have on St. Patrick’s life.

3. What big change did Christianity bring to Ireland?

4. Why did monks found monasteries?

5. Finish the sentence: These places became centres of ______ and ______.

6. Name four types of work done in the monasteries.

7. What did monks wear?

8. Name three monastic settlements.

9. What was another name for the church in a monastery?

10. Where did the monks eat?

11. Where did they copy manuscripts?

12. Where did they go in times of danger?

13. How many prayer services did the monks have each day?

14. Name three Early Christian manuscripts.

15. Name two materials they are written on.

16. Name two metal objects monks made.

17. Name three things the objects were decorated with.

18. What was carved on stone crosses?

19. Name two monasteries founded by Irish monks abroad.